Can polyurethane foam in couches release formaldehyde and other toxic fumes?

What's actually in it

Most couch cushions, mattresses, and pillows use polyurethane foam as padding. Over time, this foam breaks down through a chemical process called autoxidation. As it degrades, it releases volatile organic compounds (VOCs) including formaldehyde, acetaldehyde, and acrolein into the air in your home.

What the research says

A 2026 study in Polymers measured the VOCs released from polyurethane soft foams as they break down. The researchers found that the foam produced formaldehyde, acetaldehyde, and acrolein through autoxidation. The rate of release depended on temperature and how old the foam was.

Formaldehyde is a known carcinogen. Acrolein irritates the eyes, nose, and lungs even at low levels. These chemicals off-gas slowly, meaning you breathe them in every time you sit on the couch or sleep on the mattress.

Older foam furniture releases more VOCs as the material breaks down further. To reduce exposure, keep rooms well-ventilated and consider replacing foam cushions that are more than 7 to 10 years old. Look for furniture with natural latex or wool filling instead.