Can titanium dioxide in food harm your gut?
Possibly. A 2025 study found that food-grade titanium dioxide alters gut microbial activity and reduces butyrate production in a colon model.
What's actually in it
Titanium dioxide (E171) is a white pigment used in candy, chewing gum, coffee creamer, frosting, and toothpaste. It makes products look brighter and whiter. The EU banned E171 in food in 2022, but it's still allowed in the U.S. and many other countries.
What the research says
A 2025 study in J Appl Microbiol tested titanium dioxide in a model that simulates the human colon. E171 altered gut microbial metabolism and reduced butyrate production. Butyrate is a critical short-chain fatty acid that feeds colon cells and protects against inflammation.
Avoid products listing titanium dioxide, TiO2, or E171 in the ingredients. Many brands now offer titanium dioxide-free alternatives.
The research at a glance
| Study | Journal | Year |
|---|---|---|
| Food additive titanium dioxide (E171) alters gut microbial metabolic activity and butyrate production in the TIM-2 in vitro colon model. | J Appl Microbiol | 2025 |
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